The implementation of climate policies by governments is slowing, widening the gap between policy action and climate commitments, according to figures from the OECD.

In its Climate Action Monitor 2025, the OECD said that, based on its climate actions and policies measurement framework, the number and stringency of policies increased by only 1% in 2024, confirming a loss of momentum since 2022.

The report shows that in 2023, aggregate greenhouse gas emissions from 50 OECD and partner countries were 8% above the level required to stay on track with their 2030 nationally determined contributions. The gap widens further when compared to the trajectories needed to reach long-term net-zero targets.

Electricity and heat production and transport remain the largest sources of emissions. Since 2015, OECD countries have reduced emissions mainly in power generation and industry, while transport emissions have not declined. Partner countries’ emissions also rose, driven by strong economic growth and continued reliance on fossil fuels.

Although 114 countries and the European Union have adopted net-zero targets, only 30 countries and the EU – representing 17.7% of global emissions – have enshrined them in law. The OECD warns that without stronger legal frameworks, accelerated implementation and better policy coherence, existing commitments will fall short of the Paris Agreement temperature goals. To align with these targets, global emissions would need to fall by 39-63% from 2023 levels by 2035.

Mathias Cormann, secretary-general of the OECD, said: “The benefits of climate action for our ecosystems, societies and economies are significant, including greater resilience to climate risks. Realising these benefits will require countries to step up efforts towards meeting their commitments, and select an ambitious, appropriate policy mix reflecting their unique circumstances and climate objectives.”

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